The Emilio Segrè Collection
The Emilio Segrè Visual Archives (ESVA)
The ESVA and the Segrè Collection itself might not exist, however, without the influence of Segrè’s second wife, Rosa. After Emilio’s death in 1989, Rosa approached the Niels Bohr Library and Archives about creating a memorial photo library. NBLA had been collecting photos since our founding in 1962, including photos from Emilio himself, but they weren’t consistently arranged and described for researcher access. NBLA determined that with a modest gift, we could make serious progress on photo preservation efforts, including placing negatives in cold storage, creating a database of names of people represented so the collection could be searched, and publishing a periodical brochure of updates to the physics community. Rosa agreed, and the Emilio Segrè Visual Archives was established in 1992.
A few years later, in 1997, Rosa unexpectedly died in a car accident in Tivoli, Italy. In her will, she left to NBLA Emilio’s personal photo collection and the rights to his photos and writings. That donation of approximately 700 photographs makes up the bulk of the Segrè Collection as it is organized today.
Over the past few months, we have been undergoing a migration to a new digital repository that will make it easier for researchers to access photographs in the ESVA. For this month’s Photos of the Month, in honor of the launch of our new system, I wanted to walk through Emilio’s life and the Segrè Collection with you, highlighting some of the lesser-known gems found in this unique and valuable collection.
A lot of the research for this post came from Emilio’s autobiography, “A Mind Always In Motion.”
Early Life and Education
Emilio Segrè, known to friends and family as Pippi, was born on January 30, 1905, in Tivoli, Italy, just outside of Rome. This date is of some controversy, as he recounts in his autobiography: “My father reported my arrival to the civil authorities later than prescribed by law, and to avoid complications, I was registered as having been born on February 1, which became my official birthday.” (pg. 2) Although the family moved to Rome just before Emilio started high school, Tivoli retained a special place in his heart throughout his life.
When Emilio was 10, he came down with scarlet fever. During his long recovery, his uncle Claudio gave him a Kodak Brownie camera,
Emilio completed his schooling in Rome, including a degree in physics at the University of Rome La Sapienza, where he studied with Enrico Fermi. Upon his graduation in 1928, he joined the army as mandated by Italy’s conscription laws. He was sent to an officer’s training school in Spoleto, then commissioned to serve in the anti-aircraft artillery. He was stationed at Forte Braschi, near Rome, so he was able to keep in contact with Fermi and the others from La Sapienza. In his autobiography, he tells a story of being urgently called from Forte Braschi to the Physics Institute at Via Panisperna:
For some reason, all the scientists were away, and the factotum of the institute, who did not know English, was faced with an obviously important Indian visitor with whom he could not communicate. I rushed down and found that the visitor was none less than Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (1888–1970), who in 1930 received the Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the diffusion of light and the discovery of the Raman effect, on which Roman physicists had done important work. I did the honors as well I could, unexpectedly helped by being in dress uniform, with a blue sash and conspicuous gold epaulettes. Raman believed that I had dressed like this to honor him and thanked me; I did not disillusion him by revealing that the true reason was H.M. the Queen’s birthday! (pg. 60)
Early Career
After completing his mandated service, Emilio continued his physics studies with Fermi and the other scientists at La Sapienza (a group that included Oscar D’Agostino, Edoardo Amaldi, and Franco Rasetti, and came to be known as the Via Panisperna Boys
Emilio made his first visit to the United States in 1933, when Fermi invited him to accompany him to the University of Michigan’s summer school
During the1936 trip, he was joined by his first wife, Elfriede (neé Spiro). The couple met in 1934, when Elfriede was new to Italy. German by birth, as a Jew she was forced to emigrate to Italy in 1933 when the Nazi party came to power. She didn’t know Italian, but Emilio was fluent in German, so they were able to converse. Emilio affectionately called her “La Spiro.”
The couple married on February 2, 1936. Emilio tells the story in his autobiography:
To our great regret, Elfriede’s parents could not come to the wedding, but they visited us later when we were settled in Palermo. I went to the Rome synagogue to make arrangements for the wedding ceremony and told the rabbi that I wanted the simplest and cheapest wedding available, the more so as the parents of the bride could not attend. The rabbi winced, and I added that I found it inappropriate to spend money on ceremonies when there were so many tragic situations that needed help. To dispel any doubts in his mind I added: “How much does a luxury wedding cost?” He told me, and I gave him the sum, saying that he should arrange the simplest possible ceremony for us, as I had requested, and spend the difference for German refugees. This was the agreement. On the day of the wedding, however, the Temple was full of flowers and tapestries with great pomp. The rabbi gave us a short homily. “See! Adonai. . . . Before yours, there was a luxury wedding ceremony and there was no time to change the decorations. Thus you too will have a luxury wedding.” A reception at the old Hotel de Russie followed. It was attended by friends and relatives, including Corbino, Levi-Civita, and my physicist friends. (pg. 107)
Emilio and Elfriede were married for nearly 40 years, until 1970 when Elfriede died peacefully in her sleep during a visit to Italy, where they were considering resettling after Emilio retired.
Back to their summer 1936 trip to the United States: Emilio and Elfriede (who was pregnant with their first child, Claudio – named for the uncle who gave Emilio his first camera) traveled by train from New York to Ann Arbor and on to Berkeley. After Emilio finished his work with Lawrence’s lab, the couple rented a car and spent some time traveling around the Western U.S., including Yosemite, Death Valley, the California and Arizona deserts, and the national parks in Utah. Emilio of course had his camera (by this point he had upgraded to a Leica
Emilio would end up spending a good portion of his early career working with or at the Berkeley lab. Beginning with the 1936 visit, Lawrence shipped samples of radioactive material to Italy for Emilio to work on at home (he was a faculty member at the University of Palermo by this point), which led to the discovery of technetium
In 1938, Emilio was visiting Lawrence’s lab once again when Benito Mussolini’s fascist government passed a series of laws that effectively banned Emilio from returning. He sent for Elfriede and Claudio, and they became indefinite émigrés. Emilio got a job at Lawrence’s Radiation Lab, where he spent the next several years.
Los Alamos and the Manhattan Project
Because of the nature of his work with radioactive elements, Emilio got tapped by J. Robert Oppenheimer for the Manhattan Project in 1942 and the family moved to Los Alamos in 1943. There he reunited with Enrico Fermi, who had similarly been displaced from Italy by its fascist regime and had been working on nuclear energy since he arrived in New York in 1939. Although Fermi was not permanently stationed at Los Alamos, he made frequent visits.
Both Fermi and Emilio were very outdoorsy, and they took advantage of the geography around Los Almos to organize group trips for hiking, skiing, and fishing. Emilio recounts this story of teaching Fermi to fish:
I tried to teach Fermi to fish, and it seemed to me he liked it. However, he once returned from Chicago with a lake fishing rod and reel. I told him that it was not suitable for mountain streams, but to no avail. Fermi developed a theory on how trout should bite and on how to catch them. The theory was disproved by experiment, but this did not impress him in the least. Ultimately he abandoned fishing, but not his theory. (pg. 191)
The Staub family in particular became close friends of the Segrès. Hans, a Swiss physicist, bonded with Emilio over fishing and other outdoor activities; Elfriede and Erika became friends; and the Staub children were similar in age to Claudio and Amelia (the Segrè’s first daughter, born in 1942; they had a second daughter
Emilio recounts the end of the war in his autobiography:
We celebrated Japan’s surrender by taking the day off. Elfriede, Fermi, and I drove to the Valle Grande, where we took some pictures that have been reproduced many times. In the same period, Fermi told me that he expected to become a celebrity and asked me to take pictures of him for the public. Thus we took a whole roll of thirty-six Leica pictures in my office at Los Alamos. (pg. 203-204)
Emilio ended up making a lot of portraits of physicists over his life; in fact, he was quite well-known for it. In a letter to NBLA after his death, his daughter Amelia told us, “I remember well some of the portraits my father made of famous physicists using his famous Leica.” You can view those portraits in the Segrè Collection
Post WWII
After the war, Emilio returned to Berkeley, this time with a full professorship. In what can only be chalked up to “those were different times back then,” he let young Claudio drive part of the way back to California:
We left Los Alamos in the middle of January 1946. Elfriede, Amelia, and Fausta flew. I went by car with Claudio, who was then about nine. On the trip I let Claudio drive for long stretches of the Arizona highways. He did very well, and I could even slumber while he drove. (pg. 206)
Once (miraculously, safely) back in Berkeley, he picked back up on his work at the Radiation Lab, especially on nucleon-nucleon collisions. Around 1955, Emilio and his working group, which included Owen Chamberlain, Clyde Wiegand, and Tom Ypsilantis
Emilio began receiving awards, honors, and invitations to lecture all over the world. Finally, on October 26, 1959, he received word that he had been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics
The whole family traveled to Stockholm for the ceremonies. Emilio recounts the story, including how he acquired his wardrobe for the event:
The trip to Stockholm was more or less the same as that of all other laureates, very interesting and satisfactory. The three children accompanied us. Amelia had caught poison oak a few days earlier, and her face was badly swollen. I told her that if she did not scratch herself, she would most likely recover before the time of the ceremonies. So it was. I always admired the willpower of the little lady.
Retirement and Later Life
Emilio spent the next years traveling the world, giving speeches, attending White House dinners, and generally doing what Nobel laureates do. By the 1960s, he started stepping back from active scientific work, as he believed “the scientific profession belongs to youth.” (pg. 283)
In 1966, he and Elfriede visited South America, where some of his family had settled during WWII. In Montevideo, Uruguay, they met Rosa Mines, a friend of his cousins. She asked the Segrès if they would provide an affidavit to help her immigrate to the U.S.; Emilio was reluctant, but Elfriede liked her and agreed to sign.
As mentioned, Elfriede died suddenly in 1970. Rosa sent a letter of sympathy, and a couple of years later, she and Emilio married. Emilio doesn’t give any details about how their marriage came to be, but he says this:
The marriage of two people, one sixty-seven years old, one much younger, with very different life experiences, has aspects I shall not go into. The analysis of such a relationship would require more psychological insight than I can muster; this at least is Rosa’s authoritative opinion. Suffice it to say that it is a little like mixing spring and autumn, with their storms and periods of good weather, until a new equilibrium is formed.
Rosa and Emilio continued to travel, spending more time in Italy, especially Tivoli. Emilio spent several years teaching short courses at the Accademia dei Lincei and the University of Rome, until he reached the Italian mandotory retirement age. In 1981, at the age of 76, he embarked on a tour of Tuscany, primarily by foot, railway, and public transportation, with his friend and fellow physicist Giuseppe Occhialini
Emilio’s autobiography ends on his 77th birthday, but in an afterword, Rosa tells us how the story truly ends:
“You have just read the story of a very interesting and busy life. You know how it started and you may wonder how it ended. Emilio was well, physically and mentally, until his very last minute. ...
Epilogue
I hope you enjoyed this trip through Segrè’s life and photos. There are so many more photos to explore in the Segrè Collection that there simply wasn’t space for here. I’ve included a gallery of a few of my favorites below, but I encourage you to check out the rest in our new repository.