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What’s Ahead
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Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) looks over the shoulder of Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY). (Image credit – Susan Walsh / AP) |
COMPETES Negotiations in Chaos as Special Spending Bill Progresses
Democrats are rushing to develop a new end game for their legislative priorities this month, including major initiatives in R&D policy. National Journal reported last week that Senate Republicans have abandoned negotiations to reconcile the Senate’s U.S. Innovation and Competition Act (USICA) with the House’s America COMPETES Act in response to Democrats reviving their aspirations to pass a partisan spending and tax policy package. Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY) has reportedly made progress toward securing the key vote of Sen. Joe Manchin (D-WV), who walked away from an earlier version of the special spending package, leading Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) to declare on June 30 he would derail the innovation package if Democrats attempted to finish the legislation. Whereas the innovation bill requires Republican support to prevent a Senate filibuster, Democrats intend to leverage Congress’ budget reconciliation process to circumvent Republican opposition to the special spending measure.
The partisan spending package is expected to focus on tax reform and prescription drug pricing, and it may include more than $300 billion for energy and climate change mitigation as well as measures such as fees on methane emissions. Manchin has not indicated if he is open to including the $5 billion he proposed for the Department of Energy’s Office of Science in the version of the legislation he ultimately rejected. As for the USICA and COMPETES Act package, reports indicate lawmakers are exploring various scenarios. Some lawmakers have suggested the effort has enough Republican support to surmount McConnell’s opposition, while others have proposed detaching its $52 billion appropriation for semiconductor production and R&D, which has broad bipartisan backing, and passing that through separate legislation. In principle, the semiconductor funding could also be included in the reconciliation bill, and the package’s funding recommendations for science agencies could be converted into direct appropriations and handled through reconciliation as well, but it is not clear such maneuvers are under serious consideration. Still another option would be for the House to simply pass USICA without amendment. However, there is substantial opposition among House Democrats to many USICA provisions and they may refuse to accede even if it is the only way to enact the legislation.
House Considering Floor Amendments to Annual Defense Bill
The House Rules Committee is meeting on Tuesday to decide which of more than 1,200 proposed amendments to this year’s National Defense Authorization Act will be considered when floor debate begins, potentially later in the week. A number of the amendments proposed by Republicans would impose new restrictions or reporting requirements on research institutions’ connections with China, including one that would altogether bar federal agencies from supporting any research in China or at entities deemed to be controlled by the Chinese government. In recent years, lawmakers have made the NDAA a focus for research security policy proposals, but the need for bipartisan support has moderated the measures that were ultimately adopted. Some immigration measures may also be considered, including an amendment by Rep. Jackie Speier (D-CA) to expedite visas for Russian scientists and a bipartisan amendment that would exempt advanced STEM degree graduates from caps on green cards. The latter provision is also attached to the America COMPETES Act of 2022, but it is unlikely to be enacted using that vehicle. The Biden administration unsuccessfully proposed to include the Russian scientist visa measure in a Ukraine aid package earlier this year. The NDAA typically attracts a wide array of policy proposals because it is considered “must-pass” legislation, but controversial measures attached to the bill are often dropped during final negotiations to produce a version that can pass both the House and Senate.
Science Committee Seeks Novel Methods for Nuclear Waste Cleanup
The House Science Committee is holding a hearing on Wednesday to examine ways that science and technology advances could accelerate cleanup of radioactive waste created by nuclear weapons production during the Cold War. Committee leaders asked the Government Accountability Office to study the matter in 2020, noting the Department of Energy’s environmental liabilities for such waste run into the hundreds of billions of dollars while its budget for cleanup S&T has declined significantly over the last two decades as DOE focused on using existing technologies. The committee noted a 2019 National Academies assessment of DOE’s cleanup S&T portfolio recommended expanding the mission of the Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy to include development of “breakthrough” cleanup technologies, which Congress later implemented via the Energy Act of 2020. Witnesses for the hearing include leaders of the Academies and GAO studies, as well as a top official from DOE’s Office of Environmental Management and the director of Savannah River National Lab, the office’s primary research arm.
Nuclear Science Panel Beginning Work on New Long-Range Plan
During a meeting of the Nuclear Science Advisory Committee on Wednesday, the Department of Energy and National Science Foundation will present the charge for the committee’s next long-range strategic planning report. Assembled by an ad hoc panel, the report will recommend research and facility priorities for nuclear physics programs supported by the two agencies. Many recommendations of the most recent plan, released in 2015, have been followed, such as completing the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams and beginning work on an Electron-Ion Collider. Other projects have not progressed as quickly as hoped, such as work on a ton-scale neutrinoless double beta decay experiment. The meeting agenda also includes an update from a subcommittee charged with assessing DOE’s stewardship of nuclear data. Separately, the advisory committee for DOE’s Basic Energy Sciences program is meeting on Thursday. Among other topics on the agenda, the committee will hear a presentation about DOE’s agency-wide Energy Earthshots Initiative. The administration envisions that BES will oversee a network of “Energy Earthshot Research Centers,” akin to the existing Energy Frontier Research Centers, that will address challenges at the interface between basic research and applied R&D tied to ambitious technology maturation goals. Recently confirmed Office of Science Director Asmeret Asefaw Berhe will deliver an update at both meetings.
Biden and Harris to Introduce First Webb Telescope Image
Late Monday afternoon, President Biden and Vice President Harris will present the first publicly released full-color image from the James Webb Space Telescope at a White House event with NASA Administrator Bill Nelson. According to NASA, the image is the highest-resolution “deep field” observation ever made, showing galaxies up to 13 billion light-years away at an early stage in the universe’s development. The agency will release images of several other targets on Tuesday. Previous images released during the $10 billion telescope’s five-month commissioning process are considered “engineering” images that do not reflect its full scientific capabilities, though they are still sharper than ones made by predecessor telescopes. The release of the first science-quality images marks the start of the telescope’s program of competitively selected observations, which is notionally expected to continue for 20 years.
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In Case You Missed It
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Image credit – Architect of the Capitol |
Supreme Court Restricts EPA Authority to Confront Climate Change
In an opinion delivered on June 30 in the case of West Virginia v. the Environmental Protection Agency, the Supreme Court ruled EPA does not have authority under the Clean Air Act to require electric utilities to shift U.S. power production from one fuel source to another. Written by Chief Justice John Roberts, the opinion finds that the Clean Power Plan rule EPA promulgated in 2015 sought to “substantially restructure the American energy market” by requiring a shift away from coal fuel. According to Roberts, this constituted an assertion of a “highly consequential power” under the “major questions doctrine” of jurisprudence, which holds federal agencies may not assume such power without clear statutory direction from Congress. The ruling, backed by six of the court’s nine justices, argues the Clean Power Plan’s application to the U.S. power system as a whole also represented a fundamental shift away from EPA’s well-established power to limit emissions from individual plants.
Allaying some fears about how far the court would go in the case, no justices in the majority commented on the court’s 2007 Massachusetts v. EPA decision, which rejected the George W. Bush administration’s claim that the agency is not authorized to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants. However, writing for the minority, Justice Elena Kagan quotes the majority opinion in the Massachusetts case in calling climate change “the most pressing environmental challenge of our time,” and argues that requiring a change of fuel sources is within the mechanisms EPA may employ in requiring emissions reduction. The court’s decision will have no immediate impact on policy as the Trump administration repealed the Clean Power Plan in 2019, citing the major questions doctrine, and the U.S. power system in any case met the plan’s goals for reducing the use of coal well ahead of schedule.
US Export Control Agency Steps Up Outreach to Academia
The Commerce Department’s Bureau of Industry and Security announced on June 28 it has established an initiative to help U.S. university officials better understand export control restrictions and methods foreign governments use to exploit academic institutions. BIS official Matthew Axelrod explained the agency will prioritize outreach to universities that conduct “proprietary research,” work with the Department of Defense, or have ties to foreign universities that are subject to additional export restrictions. He further indicated BIS will do more to inform universities of the “reputational and legal risk” of partnering with certain institutions, such as those connected to foreign militaries. He cited a case in which a university halted a machine learning research collaboration with a foreign company after BIS alerted it to the company’s support for military modernization work in China. The outreach initiative is part of a broader overhaul of export control policies aimed at protecting sensitive technologies. BIS head Alan Estevez is testifying about these reforms at a Senate hearing on Thursday.
NIST Picks Encryption Algorithms to Withstand Quantum Computers
On July 7, the National Institute of Standards and Technology announced four winners of a competition to develop encryption algorithms resistant to hacking by quantum computers that could theoretically be developed in the future. Four additional algorithms are under consideration and NIST plans to finalize an encryption standard by 2024. Policymakers have prioritized development of quantum-resistant encryption partly out of fear that information encrypted using traditional methods could be stolen and later hacked once a quantum computer is developed. President Biden issued a memorandum in May establishing timelines for transitioning federal computer systems to quantum-resistant cryptography, and the House plans to vote this week on the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act, which would require the White House to develop implementation guidance within specific timeframes.
Climate Modeler Sarah Kapnick Picked as NOAA Chief Scientist
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration announced on July 7 that climate scientist Sarah Kapnick is joining the agency as its new chief scientist, effective immediately. Kapnick had since last year been a senior climate scientist at investment firm J.P. Morgan, where she worked on activities related to sustainable wealth management. Previously, she was long employed at NOAA’s Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory at Princeton University, most recently as deputy division leader for seasonal-to-decadal variability and predictability. Kapnick holds a doctorate in atmospheric and oceanic sciences from the University of California, Los Angeles. The chief scientist position is a political appointment that does not require Senate confirmation. The job has been held on an acting basis for most of the past five years by career official Craig McLean, who retired from the agency on April 1.
Science Operations Resume at Upgraded Large Hadron Collider
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, Europe’s world-leading particle physics laboratory, began its Run 3 science program on July 5 following a more than three year shutdown to accommodate upgrades. The collider is now operating at a new record energy level of 13.6 trillion electronvolts and is expected to continue taking data for four years before commencing its next long shutdown to upgrade the intensity of the collider’s beams. The start of Run 3 coincides with the 10th anniversary of LHC’s signature achievement, the discovery of the long-predicted Higgs boson. The feat completed the task of observing all particles accounted for in the Standard Model, which describes all known physical forces except gravity. LHC will now continue to explore the physics of the Higgs boson and seek so-far-elusive evidence of physics that is unexplained by the Standard Model.
Vanguard Dark Matter Experiment Delivers First Results
One question beyond the reach of physics’ Standard Model is what constitutes the “dark matter” that appears to exert gravitational forces responsible for binding galaxies together and causing galaxies to form in clusters. Last week, Berkeley Lab announced that its new dark matter detector LUX-ZEPLIN has completed startup operations and delivered its first science results after more than three months of data-taking. About 50 times more sensitive than earlier experiments, the detector is filled with seven tons of liquid xenon and is installed a kilometer and a half beneath the Earth’s surface at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in South Dakota with the aim of isolating collisions caused by hypothesized weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs). LUX-ZEPLIN is funded by the Department of Energy’s High Energy Physics program and cost about $50 million to build.
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Events This Week
All times are Eastern Daylight Time, unless otherwise noted. Listings do not imply endorsement.
Monday, July 11
Tuesday, July 12
Wednesday, July 13
Thursday, July 14
Friday, July 15
Saturday, July 16
Sunday, July 17
Monday, July 18
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Opportunities White House Seeks Input for Cislunar Space Strategy
The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy is seeking input to inform the development of a science and technology strategy for U.S. activities in cislunar space. The strategy will recommend R&D priorities and technical standards aimed at enabling a “robust, cooperative, and sustainable ecosystem in cislunar space.” Responses are due July 20.
NSTC Updating Big Data R&D Strategic Plan
The National Science and Technology Council is seeking comments on potential revisions to the 2016 Federal Big Data Research and Development Strategic Plan. In particular, it is seeking to “identify areas that should continue to be priority areas for federally funded research, new areas of risk or opportunity, and options for leveraging collaborations with other segments of the data innovation ecosystem to accelerate innovation, improve inclusive and equitable access, and broaden participation in Big Data R&D.” Comments are due July 29.
Issues in S&T Magazine Hiring Science Policy Editor
The magazine Issues in Science and Technology is hiring a managing editor, who will oversee the development and publication of science policy opinion essays. Issues in S&T is published by Arizona State University and the National Academies, and the editor will work closely with expert contributors from academia, government, and industry. Applicants must have a bachelor’s degree in a relevant field and at least five years of related experience.
Know of an upcoming science policy event either inside or outside the Beltway? Email us at fyi@aip.org.
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